Immunotherapy for melanoma
Immunotherapy uses the immune system to recognise and kill cancer cells.
About immunotherapy for melanoma
The immune system protects the body against illness and infection. Immunotherapies are treatments that use the immune system to recognise and kill cancer cells. Two types of immunotherapy are used to treat melanoma:
- checkpoint inhibitors drugs such as ipilimumab (YERVOY®), pembrolizumab (Keytruda®) and nivolumab (Opdivo®)
- virus therapy called T-VEC (Imlygic®).
Your cancer doctor will explain what drugs are useful for you. They will give you information about how the drug is given and possible side effects.
Sometimes immunotherapy is given as part of a clinical trial.
Contraception and fertility during treatment
Your doctor may ask you to use contraception to prevent pregnancy during and after some types of immunotherapy for melanoma. This is important if the treatment may harm a developing baby.
Some immunotherapy drugs can affect being able to get pregnant or make someone pregnant. This is called your fertility. Your doctor or nurse can explain if your treatment is likely to cause fertility problems. If you are worried about this, talk to your doctor before your treatment starts.
Checkpoint inhibitor drugs for melanoma
Checkpoint inhibitor drugs activate white blood cells called lymphocytes to attack cancer cells. Lymphocytes are an important part of your immune system.
You may have checkpoint inhibitor drugs:
- After surgery to reduce the risk of melanoma coming back. This is called adjuvant treatment. You usually have treatment for up to 12 months.
- To help slow the growth and help you live longer if melanoma cannot be removed with surgery or has spread (advanced melanoma). You may keep having treatment as long as it is working and are not causing difficult side effects.
You have the drug at a day unit as an outpatient. It is given as a drip into a vein. This is called intravenous infusion. Sometimes, 2 checkpoint inhibitor drugs are given together. Your cancer doctor or nurse will explain your treatment plan and what to expect.
After the treatment, you have a rest period of a few weeks. The immunotherapy and the rest period are called a cycle of treatment. The length of a cycle depends on the treatment you are having.
Checkpoint inhibitors that are used to treat melanoma include:
- ipilimumab (YERVOY®)
- nivolumab (Opdivo®)
- pembrolizumab (Keytruda®).
Related pages
Possible side effects
Common side effects of checkpoint inhibitor drugs include:
- feeling tired
- skin changes or rashes
- diarrhoea
- feeling short of breath.
This type of drug affects the immune system and can cause side effects that are related to that. Your cancer doctor or nurse will give you information about this.
Side effects may be mild but sometimes they can become serious very quickly if they are not treated. Side effects can start during treatment. They can also start weeks, months, or sometimes more than a year, after you finish treatment.
It is important to tell your cancer doctor or nurse about any side effects you have as soon as possible. Side effects can happen after you have stopped having treatment.
Your doctor, nurse or pharmacist will also give you a card with information about your treatment on it. It is important to always have the card with you during treatment and after treatment finishes. You should always show it to any doctor or healthcare professional you need to see or who prescribes any other medication for you.
T-VEC for melanoma
T-VEC (Imlygic®) uses a virus that is injected into areas of melanoma that have spread to the skin or lymph nodes. It is only used if melanoma has not spread to other areas such as the bones or the brain.
This is a specialised treatment and may only be available at certain hospitals. Your doctor or nurse can give you more information.
The virus is designed to infect cancer cells. This helps your body’s immune system find and destroy the area of melanoma that has been treated.
T-VEC is given by injection directly into the area of melanoma. You usually have this treatment every 2 weeks. Your cancer doctor will give you more information.
Some common side effects include:
- tiredness
- tumour pain
- redness or inflammation at the injection site
- flu-like symptoms
- feeling sick
- headaches.
Your cancer doctor will give you more information about side effects and managing them.
About our information
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References
Below is a sample of the sources used in our melanoma information. If you would like more information about the sources we use, please contact us at cancerinformationteam@macmillan.org.uk
Michielin O, van Akkooi ACJ, Ascierto PA, et al. Cutaneous melanoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology. 2019; 30, 12, 1884-1901 [accessed May 2022].
Michielin O, van Akkooi ACJ, Ascierto PA, et al. ESMO consensus conference recommendations on the management of locoregional melanoma: under the auspices of the ESMO Guidelines Committee. Annals of Oncology. 2020; 31, 11, 1449-1461 [accessed May 2022].
Peach H, Board R, Cook M, et al. Current role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of cutaneous melanoma: A UK consensus statement. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 2020; 73, 1, 36-42 [accessed May 2022].
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Reviewers
This information has been written, revised and edited by Macmillan Cancer Support’s Cancer Information Development team. It has been reviewed by expert medical and health professionals and people living with cancer. It has been approved by Senior Medical Editor, Dr Samra Turajlic, Consultant Medical Oncologist.
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We want everyone affected by cancer to feel our information is written for them.
We want our information to be as clear as possible. To do this, we try to:
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