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Radiotherapy| is sometimes used to treat children with cancers in the abdomen (tummy) and pelvis. Radiotherapy treats cancer by using high-energy rays. We have separate information for children having radiotherapy for head and neck cancer|, or to the chest area|.
Radiotherapy can be a worrying experience for both children and their parents, but understanding what it involves can help reduce your anxiety.
It is helpful to read this information alongside our section on children’s cancers|, which contains more information about cancers in children, their diagnosis and treatment, and the support services available. Our information about radiotherapy| for people of all ages may also be of interest.
We hope this information answers your questions. If you have any further questions, you can ask a nurse, radiographer or doctor involved in your child's treatment.
Watch the 'One of a Kind' video|
If your child is about to have radiotherapy, it may help to watch the short video ‘One of a Kind’, produced by Aardman Animations and funded by a partnership of eight charities. The animation shows children what to expect on a visit to the radiotherapy department. A young girl explains what happens when she goes for treatment. The images are friendly and the words are simple and easy to understand. Perhaps watch it yourself first to prepare for any questions your child may have and then have a look together.
Radiotherapy treats cancer by using high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells in one area of the body, while doing as little harm as possible to normal cells. The treatment is painless and is given in the hospital radiotherapy department, normally as a series of short daily sessions.
The treatments are usually given from Monday to Friday, with a rest at the weekend. Each treatment takes only a few minutes. Your child’s doctor will discuss the treatment and possible side effects with you. The number of sessions will depend on the type of tumour your child has, but treatment may last for several weeks.
In order for radiotherapy to be as effective as possible, it must be carefully planned.
Before planning starts, your child will be assessed to make sure they're able to cope with treatment and the way it's given. This will be done either when your child first meets the doctor who plans the radiotherapy (clinical oncologist), or on their first visit to the radiotherapy department.
To help your child prepare the radiotherapy, a hospital play specialist, paediatric specialist radiographer, nursery nurse, or specialist nurse may spend some time with them. Through fun and play, they will help explain the treatment to your child, and this may take several visits. You may be given games and exercises to play with your child at home. This is to help them overcome any fears or anxieties they may have, and to get used to what radiotherapy involves.
Many parents are surprised at how cooperative their child can be during radiotherapy, once they’ve been given plenty of time to prepare with the hospital play specialist.
For planning and for the treatment itself, your child will need to be able to lie still in a particular position for a few minutes, and feel comfortable being alone in the treatment room. If your child can’t lie still for long enough, or finds it difficult to be in the treatment room alone, they will need a daily general anaesthetic to have radiotherapy. Most children under the age of three will need an anaesthetic; most aged four or over will not need it.
Your child’s treatment is planned by a cancer specialist (clinical oncologist). Treatment planning may take a few visits and will involve your child having a CT scan to create detailed images of the area to be treated. Marks may be drawn on your child’s skin to help make sure treatment is given to exactly the right area each time. Sometimes, small permanent dots (tattoos) are also used. Your doctor or specialist nurse will explain this process to you.
At the beginning of each radiotherapy session, the radiographers will position your child carefully on the couch, and make sure they're comfortable. During treatment, your child will be alone in the room, but they will be able to talk to the radiographers (who will be watching from the next room) over a communication system. You can stay with the radiographers, so that you can see your child and talk with them. Music, story tapes or CDs can be played for your child, or you can read stories to them.
If your child is having treatment under a general anaesthetic, they can't eat or drink for at least four hours before being given their anaesthetic. Because of this, your child will usually have a morning appointment. The anaesthetic is given in the radiotherapy department by an anaesthetist, who is trained in giving anaesthetics to children.
Older children may take a while to get used to the size and sound of the machines, but this should become easier once they get to know the staff and surroundings.
The immediate side effects of radiotherapy are usually very mild.
Tiredness| is a common side effect during radiotherapy and for a few weeks afterwards. It may take a few months for your child’s energy levels to get back to normal once treatment has ended.
Your child may lose their appetite|. It may be easier for them to have small, frequent snacks throughout the day, rather than main meals.
Radiotherapy can sometimes affect bone marrow| (where different types of blood cells are made). If this is likely to happen in your child’s case, they will have regular blood tests during treatment to check their blood cell levels (blood counts). If their red blood cell levels are low (anaemia), they may feel very tired and lack energy.
Radiotherapy may be less effective if the number of red blood cells is too low, so if your child is anaemic, they may need a blood transfusion|.
Only the treated area will be affected by local side effects, and your child is unlikely to experience all the side effects listed here.
Some children develop a skin reaction, similar to sunburn, while having radiotherapy. This normally happens after 3-4 weeks. In children with pale skin, the skin in the treatment area becomes red and sore, or itchy. In children with dark skin, it becomes darker. The severity of the reaction depends on a number of factors, and some children have no skin problems at all. The radiographers will look for these reactions, but you should also let them know if your child feels any soreness.
Radiotherapy staff will advise you on how to look after your child’s skin in the treated area. This varies according to the part of the body being treated and the dose of radiotherapy being given. You may be asked to wash the area only with warm water, and then to gently pat it dry with a soft towel. Try not to rub the area, as this may make it sore.
It's important not to use soaps or talcum powder on the treated area of skin. Hospital staff may suggest that you gently apply unperfumed moisturisers. Always check with your child’s doctor or nurse before applying anything to your child’s skin.
These restrictions only apply to the affected area; the rest of your child’s skin can be treated normally. The skin may peel after the redness has faded, but it should heal quickly. Skin reactions usually settle down between 2-4 weeks after the radiotherapy has finished, but the treated area may remain slightly darker than the surrounding skin.
Loose-fitting clothes, preferably made of natural fibres (such as 100% cotton) rather than man-made materials, are more comfortable for your child and less irritating to the skin.
Because skin in the treated area is very sensitive, it should not be exposed to the sun or cold winds. It's very important to cover the treated area if your child goes out in strong sunshine, for at least the first year after their radiotherapy. They should wear clothing made of cotton or natural fibres that have a closer weave and offer more protection.
The treated skin will always be sensitive to sun damage, so extra care should be taken. Your child should use a suncream of at least factor 30. It's important to remember that skin can burn in strong sunlight, even through clothing. We have more information on taking care of your skin in the sun|.
It's fine for your child to swim as soon as any skin reaction has settled down, which is usually within a month of finishing treatment. But if they're swimming outdoors in strong sunlight, they should use a waterproof sunblock and should not stay in the water too long.
Diarrhoea| is a fairly common side effect of treatment to the abdomen. Your child may also have stomach cramps and a windy tummy. Your child’s specialist can prescribe medicines to control diarrhoea and can advise you whether to change your child’s diet. It's important that your child drinks lots of fluid. The diarrhoea may continue for some weeks after the treatment. As well as being unpleasant, diarrhoea can make your child feel weak and tired. If it continues, and doesn’t seem to be getting any better, contact the radiotherapy department or your child’s doctor for further advice.
The skin around the back passage (anus) may become irritated by the radiotherapy, if the area being treated is in the lower pelvis. Sometimes, after radiotherapy to the pelvic area, there may be a mucus-like discharge, or bleeding, from the back passage. Let your specialist know if your child has any of these problems.
Some children find that their treatment makes them feel sick, and sometimes they may actually be sick. Tell your specialist if your child experiences any nausea or vomiting|, as they can prescribe anti-sickness drugs (anti-emetics) to help. These drugs are usually very successful. Any feeling of sickness usually stops once treatment is over.
These may occur as a result of diarrhoea and nausea. At times, your child may not feel like eating. They may find it easier to eat little and often, having small, more frequent meals or snacks, rather than larger meals at set times. High-calorie drinks, which your doctor can prescribe, can be used in place of meals. If eating becomes a problem for your child, the dietitian or your specialist can advise you about nutritional supplements. We have some more information about coping with a poor appetite|.
Occasionally, if your child continues to lose weight, it may be necessary for them to spend a short time in hospital so that they can be fed in special ways|. Staff can explain what this involves, and will include you in decisions about the best way to feed your child.
The bladder can become inflamed (cystitis) if radiotherapy is given to the pelvic area. This normally happens after several treatments have been given. Your child may tell you that it ‘burns’ or ‘stings’, or is sore when they pass urine. You may notice that they need to pass urine more than usual. It's important that your child drinks plenty of fluids as this can help to ease the discomfort.
Some children find that drinking cranberry juice or lemon barley water helps to reduce symptoms. If necessary, medicines may be given. Your child may also have their urine checked regularly to make sure they don't have an infection.
Radiotherapy can cause some long-term side effects|, which may start months or sometimes years after treatment. These effects are difficult to predict and, unfortunately, when they do occur, they are permanent. We’ve given some examples of these below. Your child’s doctor will discuss with you in detail any possible long-term side effects for your child.
With time, the effects of radiotherapy on growing tissues may become more noticeable. This may lead to asymmetry (unevenness) in the muscles or bones in the treated area. The degree of asymmetry depends on the age of the child at the time of treatment and the dose of radiotherapy given. If the spine receives radiation, there may be some loss of final height.
Radiotherapy to the kidney or bowel may cause problems later in life.
Radiotherapy given directly to the ovaries| (where eggs are stored) or testicles| (where sperm is made) is very likely to cause infertility|. Radiotherapy to parts of the body near the testicles and ovaries, including the lower parts of the spine, may also have an effect. Boys who have reached puberty may be able to bank sperm before treatment.
Radiotherapy given to the womb| or a nearby area can affect fertility. For example, it can make it more difficult for the womb to support a growing baby during pregnancy. There may be a higher risk of miscarriage, or the baby may be born small, or prematurely.
It can be very distressing to think that your child may not be able to have children in the future. Your child may also find this difficult to cope with, either now or in the future as they move towards adulthood. The staff at the hospital can discuss this with you, and the organisations listed at the bottom of this page can give you emotional support.
Although these possible long-term effects sound worrying, it's important to remember that not all of these will necessarily apply to your child.
Dr Vincent Khoo explains how radiotherapy is given and what you can expect.
Your child will have regular check-ups|, in the children’s (paediatric) or adolescents’ cancer clinic. The doctors will monitor them regularly for signs of any problems or long-term side effects.
As a parent, the fact that your child has cancer is one of the worst situations you can face. Knowing that they need radiotherapy treatment, which may cause side effects, can also be very difficult. You may have many different emotions|, such as fear, guilt, sadness, anger and uncertainty. These are all normal reactions and part of the process that many parents go through at such a difficult time.
We can't address all of the feelings you may have on this page. However, our section on children’s cancers| talks about the emotional impact of caring for a child with cancer and suggests sources of help and support.
The CCLG| co-ordinates research and care for children and their parents. There are 21 CCLG specialist centres for the treatment of childhood cancer and leukaemia, covering all areas of the UK and Ireland. A map of the centres| is on the website.
This section has been compiled using information from a number of reliable sources, including:
With thanks to Dawn-Marie Davies, Paediatric Specialist Radiographer, and Dr Tina Foord, Consultant Clinical Oncologist.
Thank you to all of the people affected by cancer who reviewed what you're reading and have helped our information to grow.
You could help us too when you join our Cancer Voices Network - find out more|.
For answers, support or just a chat, call the Macmillan Support Line free (Monday to Friday, 9am-8pm)
If you have any questions about cancer, need support or just want someone to talk to, ask Macmillan.
We worked with The Chilidren's Cancer and Leukaemia Group (CCLG) to make sure you have the information you need about children's cancer.